Some ElecTronic

He would now, over and over again, make choices that reflected his need for freedom from external direction. When later he wrote about a student-run seminar he had helped to organize at Union, the issue of freedom recurred in his account: “I am truly astonished at the freedom which was granted to us… The whole seminar was very freewheeling… I wanted to find a field in which I could be sure my freedom of thought would not be limited.”35 When years later he was tempted away from his position at Ohio State by an offer from the University of Chicago to establish a counseling center, again the issue of freedom seemed paramount in his experience of the opportunity. In his autobiographical chapter he wrote about this experience: “I learned to set the staff free… It was a time of innovation in our educational methods and in our freewheeling administrative process… We were also experimenting with much freedom of expression of interpersonal feelings … There was enormous freedom for creativity.”36 This needfor freedom had its source in the restrictive family environment he now left, and it would be expressed in his theoretical proposition that healthy development consists of increasing autonomy from the control of external forces.

Taken from :PSYCHOLOGY’S GRAND THEORISTS How Personal Experiences Shaped Professional Ideas - Amy Demorest

But they had kept up their courtship by mail, and when they were together again in person during his recuperation Rogers found Helen’s support to be a balm. It was she who taught him to dance, and to whom he wrote and spoke about his conflicts with his parents. By the following fall they were engaged, and upon his graduation they were married and moved together to New York City where Rogers would start graduate school.

Rogers’ parents disapproved both of the marriage and of the graduate school. As to the marriage, they liked Helen but thought it absurd for their son to marry while he was still a student. As to the graduate school, in distinction, they were in favor of his going to seminary but were deeply disturbed by his particular choice. Rogers had chosen Union Theological Seminary because it was the most liberal in the country. For his fundamentalist parents, this meant that it was the devil in disguise. In a material expression of their conditions of worth, Rogers’ father offered to pay all expenses for both him and Helen if he would go to Princeton instead, which was at that time a center of fundamentalist thinking. Rogers rejected the offer indignantly, now fully embarked on a path of his own choosing.

Taken from :PSYCHOLOGY’S GRAND THEORISTS How Personal Experiences Shaped Professional Ideas - Amy Demorest

He appears to have been genuinely unaware of the source of this case while he was attacking it at Minnesota, but when he first found the case he presumably knew its origin. Is this mere forgetting, or an inability to accept in awareness his inclination to antagonize authority? The recurrence of this pattern of unwitting rebellion,and the association between the first expression of it and the onset of his ulcer, suggests that Rogers may have been denying to awareness an incongruent organismic inclination. We will see later that Rogers identified another time in his life when he was forced to
face organismic experiences that he had been denying, with negative consequences for his psychological health.

For the 6 months of his recuperation from his ulcer, Rogers was unable to return to the University of Wisconsin. Coupled with the 6 months he had spent abroad he was put back a year, to graduate in 1924. One benefit of that 6 months of recovery at home, however, was that he was able to be close to Helen Elliott. When Rogers lived in Oak Park he and Helen had lived a block apart, going to the same school and riding their bicycles together, and when they both went to the University of Wisconsin they began dating. After 2 years Helen had transferred from Wisconsin to the Chicago Academy of Fine Arts to get professional training for a career as a fashion artist.

Taken from :PSYCHOLOGY’S GRAND THEORISTS How Personal Experiences Shaped Professional Ideas - Amy Demorest

Having noted this possibility, another instance comes to mind in which Rogers seemed to be unaware of his own organismic inclinations to rebel against authority. Earlier I recounted that when Rogers introduced his budding ideas in a talk he gave at the University of Minnesota they were received with great furor, no doubt because his remarks were aimed at overthrowing the traditional methods of therapy that Minnesota was famous for. In fact, the case study he critiqued in his talk had come from one of Minnesota’s own therapists. But in reflecting on this talk later, Rogers reported:

One thing that was astonishing and embarrassing to me was that I had found a very good advice-giving interview—an account of it—and I suppose it was in literature that came from Minnesota, but by the time I’d put it into my paper I wasn’t aware of where it had come from. After my talk I discovered that it was the chairman of the meeting.34

Taken from :PSYCHOLOGY’S GRAND THEORISTS How Personal Experiences Shaped Professional Ideas - Amy Demorest

When Rogers was on his trip through the Orient he sent home to his parents the diary that recorded his changing religious views. By his own account he had no idea that this would constitute any rebellion from home. Yet his mother’s beliefs were conservative and fundamentalist, and when faced with his changed religious views she “essentially disowned [him] psychologically.”33 Was there no part of him that saw that his new ideas would be in conflict with her strongly held beliefs? Earlier I suggested that the supportive culture he found among the delegates during this trip overshadowed his parents’ conditions of worth. But the fact that he felt complete ignorance of his rebelliousness suggests that there may have been more going on. Rogers may have been denying to conscious awareness his own organismic inclination to rebel against his parents, and the ulcer that flared up when he returned home may have resulted from his having to face this incongruent part of himself head-on.

Taken from :PSYCHOLOGY’S GRAND THEORISTS How Personal Experiences Shaped Professional Ideas - Amy Demorest

This, of course, echoes an important theme that we have seen in Rogers’ theoretical work. In the talk he gave at Minnesota to introduce his therapeutic approach, he spoke passionately against directive methods that would impede an individual’s growth and threaten his or her integrity by fostering dependence. In his writings on therapy, he sought to destroy the prevailing view of the therapeutic relationship as a hierarchical one between an authoritative doctor and a dependent patient. And in his final theory of persons, he defined maladjustment in terms of the introjection of attitudes from others, and health in terms of the independent reliance on an internal locus of control. A psychological struggle over the issue of dependence versus independence thus played an important role both in his personal life and in his professional theory.

Rogers’ theory suggests that there may have been something more going on as well in the formation of his ulcer. In his theory, he specifically identifies neurotic symptoms as the consequence of incongruence between the self that is accepted in awareness and one’s actual organismic experience. Is there any evidence that Rogers was experiencing such an incongruence at this time? I would suggest that there is.

Taken from :PSYCHOLOGY’S GRAND THEORISTS How Personal Experiences Shaped Professional Ideas - Amy Demorest

He attributed his and his siblings’ ulcers to the “gently suppressive family atmosphere,”31 but it hardly seems likely that “gentle” suppression could cause such severe effects. In any case, he was probably right in identifying the family atmosphere as decisive in the outbreak of his ulcer at this point, because there is evidence of the role of stress in promoting ulcers. What is even more intriguing, given what we know of Rogers’ theory of personality, is to discover the particular psychological factors associated with this illness.

A review of over 70 research studies examining the role of psychological factors in peptic ulcer disease found a number of factors to yield inconclusive results. But the authors of this review
concluded that one psychological factor proved powerful across a range of studies: Ulcer patients show “a conflict linked to the dependence/independence balance.”32 For example, in a study seeking to predict which of over 2,000 army recruits would later develop a duodenal ulcer (the type Rogers had), a strong predictor was having shown greater conflicts over needs for dependence in psychological interviews and tests.

Taken from :PSYCHOLOGY’S GRAND THEORISTS How Personal Experiences Shaped Professional Ideas - Amy Demorest

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All I did was to beg that they should try and see things from Walt’s point of view, because if they didn’t he would be apt to drift away from them… Oh well, what does it all matter? I’m an ass to think I can change things at home, or that I can ever do anything to make father and mother anything but unhappy.30

The conflict with his parents was to take its toll on him. Soon after his return from the Orient, Rogers began to experience abdominal pains of increasing severity. It was clear that these pains did not result from something he had picked up while abroad, because he had been troubled with similar pains intermittently from the age of 15. Now they became severe enough to require a thorough medical assessment, and it was discovered that he had an ulcer. It had become so serious that he had to be hospitalized for 5 weeks, and thereafter had to follow an intensive regime of medical treatment for 6 months while he lived at home. In reporting this event in his autobiographical chapter, Rogers pointed out that three of the six children in his family developed ulcers at some point in their lives, although he had the dubious distinction of developing his at the youngest age.

Taken from :PSYCHOLOGY’S GRAND THEORISTS How Personal Experiences Shaped Professional Ideas - Amy Demorest