Having noted this possibility, another instance comes to mind in which Rogers seemed to be unaware of his own organismic inclinations to rebel against authority. Earlier I recounted that when Rogers introduced his budding ideas in a talk he gave at the University of Minnesota they were received with great furor, no doubt because his remarks were aimed at overthrowing the traditional methods of therapy that Minnesota was famous for. In fact, the case study he critiqued in his talk had come from one of Minnesota’s own therapists. But in reflecting on this talk later, Rogers reported:

One thing that was astonishing and embarrassing to me was that I had found a very good advice-giving interview—an account of it—and I suppose it was in literature that came from Minnesota, but by the time I’d put it into my paper I wasn’t aware of where it had come from. After my talk I discovered that it was the chairman of the meeting.34

Taken from :PSYCHOLOGY’S GRAND THEORISTS How Personal Experiences Shaped Professional Ideas - Amy Demorest

When Rogers was on his trip through the Orient he sent home to his parents the diary that recorded his changing religious views. By his own account he had no idea that this would constitute any rebellion from home. Yet his mother’s beliefs were conservative and fundamentalist, and when faced with his changed religious views she “essentially disowned [him] psychologically.”33 Was there no part of him that saw that his new ideas would be in conflict with her strongly held beliefs? Earlier I suggested that the supportive culture he found among the delegates during this trip overshadowed his parents’ conditions of worth. But the fact that he felt complete ignorance of his rebelliousness suggests that there may have been more going on. Rogers may have been denying to conscious awareness his own organismic inclination to rebel against his parents, and the ulcer that flared up when he returned home may have resulted from his having to face this incongruent part of himself head-on.

Taken from :PSYCHOLOGY’S GRAND THEORISTS How Personal Experiences Shaped Professional Ideas - Amy Demorest

This, of course, echoes an important theme that we have seen in Rogers’ theoretical work. In the talk he gave at Minnesota to introduce his therapeutic approach, he spoke passionately against directive methods that would impede an individual’s growth and threaten his or her integrity by fostering dependence. In his writings on therapy, he sought to destroy the prevailing view of the therapeutic relationship as a hierarchical one between an authoritative doctor and a dependent patient. And in his final theory of persons, he defined maladjustment in terms of the introjection of attitudes from others, and health in terms of the independent reliance on an internal locus of control. A psychological struggle over the issue of dependence versus independence thus played an important role both in his personal life and in his professional theory.

Rogers’ theory suggests that there may have been something more going on as well in the formation of his ulcer. In his theory, he specifically identifies neurotic symptoms as the consequence of incongruence between the self that is accepted in awareness and one’s actual organismic experience. Is there any evidence that Rogers was experiencing such an incongruence at this time? I would suggest that there is.

Taken from :PSYCHOLOGY’S GRAND THEORISTS How Personal Experiences Shaped Professional Ideas - Amy Demorest

He attributed his and his siblings’ ulcers to the “gently suppressive family atmosphere,”31 but it hardly seems likely that “gentle” suppression could cause such severe effects. In any case, he was probably right in identifying the family atmosphere as decisive in the outbreak of his ulcer at this point, because there is evidence of the role of stress in promoting ulcers. What is even more intriguing, given what we know of Rogers’ theory of personality, is to discover the particular psychological factors associated with this illness.

A review of over 70 research studies examining the role of psychological factors in peptic ulcer disease found a number of factors to yield inconclusive results. But the authors of this review
concluded that one psychological factor proved powerful across a range of studies: Ulcer patients show “a conflict linked to the dependence/independence balance.”32 For example, in a study seeking to predict which of over 2,000 army recruits would later develop a duodenal ulcer (the type Rogers had), a strong predictor was having shown greater conflicts over needs for dependence in psychological interviews and tests.

Taken from :PSYCHOLOGY’S GRAND THEORISTS How Personal Experiences Shaped Professional Ideas - Amy Demorest

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All I did was to beg that they should try and see things from Walt’s point of view, because if they didn’t he would be apt to drift away from them… Oh well, what does it all matter? I’m an ass to think I can change things at home, or that I can ever do anything to make father and mother anything but unhappy.30

The conflict with his parents was to take its toll on him. Soon after his return from the Orient, Rogers began to experience abdominal pains of increasing severity. It was clear that these pains did not result from something he had picked up while abroad, because he had been troubled with similar pains intermittently from the age of 15. Now they became severe enough to require a thorough medical assessment, and it was discovered that he had an ulcer. It had become so serious that he had to be hospitalized for 5 weeks, and thereafter had to follow an intensive regime of medical treatment for 6 months while he lived at home. In reporting this event in his autobiographical chapter, Rogers pointed out that three of the six children in his family developed ulcers at some point in their lives, although he had the dubious distinction of developing his at the youngest age.

Taken from :PSYCHOLOGY’S GRAND THEORISTS How Personal Experiences Shaped Professional Ideas - Amy Demorest

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Rogers returned from this trip in August to meet head-on the negative judgments that had been festering at home with each of his diary installments. But he now was determined not to be bullied by his parents’ conditions of worth, and the family atmosphere became one of pervasive tension with periodic eruptions of verbal fireworks. Many of the arguments in this period centered on interpretations of religious scripture, but Rogers was also the first child to insist on the freedom to take up dancing or to join a fraternity.

Despite his willingness to do battle, Rogers was very unhappy with finding himself at odds with his parents. His younger brother Walt reported, in looking back from adulthood, that he thought Rogers kept trying to fight things out despite his discomfort because he so wanted their mother’s approval.29 This is expressed by Rogers himself in a letter he wrote at the time, after having just tried to stick up for Walt to their parents:
Taken from :PSYCHOLOGY’S GRAND THEORISTS How Personal Experiences Shaped Professional Ideas - Amy Demorest
Taken from :PSYCHOLOGY’S GRAND THEORISTS How Personal Experiences Shaped Professional Ideas - Amy Demorest

Why was he able to share his thoughts with his parents so openly now, without any thought to their likely disapproval, when he had previously kept his inner world private for fear of their negative evaluation? One possibility is that he was under the pervasive influence of what he would later term unconditional positive regard and empathic understanding. The interpersonal culture among the delegates during the journey through the Orient was one of genuine acceptance, valuing one another regardless of individual differences in religious belief or culture. Further, they each made honest efforts to understand one another, to be open to the ideas and empathic to the feelings that each individual brought. This pervasive culture of unconditional positive regard and empathic understanding may have been a powerful antidote to the conditions of worth that Rogers had previously known from his parents, making him aware of the therapeutic power of these conditions when he later developed his theory of therapy.

Taken from :PSYCHOLOGY’S GRAND THEORISTS How Personal Experiences Shaped Professional Ideas - Amy Demorest